Left-dominant arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy in a Fila Brasileiro dog.

Background: In human medicine, arrhythmogenic left ventricular cardiomyopathy was described as a primary disease of the heart characterized by fibroadipose replacement of the myocardium.. Case Description: We report the case of a dog, with history of syncope and irregular cardiac rhythm. Electrocardiogram, echocardiography, and a 24-hour Holter monitoring showed, respectively, the presence of premature ventricular complexes with right bundle branch block morphology, an increase of the left ventricle end-diastolic diameter with preserved fractional shortening and ejection fraction, and a sinus arrhythmia as baseline rhythm with supraventricular tachycardia episodes and ventricular complexes with left bundle branch block morphology. After the death of the canine, a postmortem examination showed cardiomegaly. Fibroadipose replacement of the septum and both ventricles, with left ventricle myocardial fibrosis, suggestive of previous necrosis, was observed. Conclusion: These findings are suggestive of left-dominant arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy which, to the best of our knowledge, has not been described in veterinary medicine.

Generalized tympanism in a horse and its possible association with Sarcina-like microorganism: A case report.

Background: Sarcina spp. is a Gram-positive, coccoid microorganism that forms tetrads or octets, and is observed with a characteristic "bundle" arrangement. The most recognized species are Sarcina ventriculi and Sarcina maxima. It has been described as part of the normal microbiota in horses and cats, but it has also been linked to abomasal bloat in goats, lambs, and calves, although its causality has not been proven yet. Case Description: This work presents the case of a 3-months-old female horse that died of generalized tympanism. Macroscopic findings showed mild cyanosis and abundant gas in the lumen of the stomach, and small and large bowel. Microscopically, high numbers of Gram-positive microorganisms compatible with Sarcina spp. in the gastric lumen and on the surface of the small and large bowel were observed, along with mild inflammation. Conclusion: The severe tympanism was the only relevant lesion observed and could explain the death of the animal. Although it is not possible to determine a relationship between these lesions and Sarcina spp., it is interesting to highlight that the high amount of these bacteria could be associated with gas production and tympanism. It is important to continue investigating the role of Sarcina spp. in horses, and its possible link with tympanism.

Findings suggestive of coronary microvascular dysfunction in cats with myocardial ischemia.

Background: Myocardial infarction (MI) is an important cause of death and disability among humans worldwide. Few studies have reported the occurrence of MI in small animals as well. Reports in human medicine indicate that up to 30% of patients with clinical signs compatible with myocardial ischemia suggestive of coronary disease exhibit normal epicardial arteries at angiography. These symptoms have been associated with a syndrome characterized by alterations in cardiac microvasculature, known as coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD). Aim: This study aimed to describe the necropsy findings and clinical-pathological characterization (when available) of cats with histopathological findings suggesting CMD. Methods: Necropsy records of cats presenting histopathological diagnosis compatible with acute and/or chronic MI, with normal epicardial arteries and microvascular disorders were evaluated. Results: Twenty animals met the inclusion criteria. Eight cats (40%) exhibited findings compatible with mild hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) without left atrial enlargement, one (5%) presented restrictive cardiomyopathy, and another one (5%) had lesions consistent with histiocytoid cardiomyopathy. The remaining cats (50%) showed alterations compatible with severe HCM with left atrial enlargement. In all cases, epicardial arteries were normal (without obstruction). All the evaluated hearts exhibited myocardial multifocal fibrosis along with replacement of cardiomyocytes by adipose tissue and blood vessels with hyperplasia and hypertrophy of the muscular layer with protrusion of the nuclei of the endothelial cells. Conclusion: These findings suggest the presence of microvascular dysplasia of the coronary arteries. Further studies are necessary to confirm and clinically characterize these results.

First report of a subcutaneous infection by Cryptococcus neoformans (former Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii) in a cat in Costa Rica.

This is a case report of a feline animal that presented with a skin infection on the neck from which Cryptococcus neoformans (former C. neoformans var. grubii) was isolated and identified. The cat presented two nodular tumors, approximately 2 cm in diameter, raised, solid, with a slightly irregular surface and a reddish color with white areas. Histologically, these tumors corresponded to granulomatous dermatitis and panniculitis with the presence of a large number of intralesional yeasts. From identification with biochemical and spectroscopic techniques of these lesion samples, it was determined that the etiological agent was C. neoformans. There is little information on this variety of Cryptococcus causing subcutaneous infection without involvement of other organs, and the presence of this pathogen in the few reports available has not been reliably determined. This is the first report of a cat affected by C. neoformans in Costa Rica.

[Changes in prescriptions and antibiotic consumption after the implementation of recommendations for use: experience in a university hospital]. / Cambios en las prescripciones y el consumo de antimicrobianos, luego de la implementación de recomendaciones de uso: experiencia en un hospital universitario.

BACKGROUND: Nowadays about half of antibiotic prescriptions are inadequate, increasing bacterial resistance. Both cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones are associated with this phenomenon: increase of ß-lactamase producing bacteria and Clostridioides difficile infections, which is why regulatory agencies seek to rationalize their use. AIM: To evaluate the effect of use recommendations on the proportion of inadequate prescriptions of ceftriaxone and fluoroquinolones. METHODS: A prospective and interventional study was developed, comparing the quality and quantity of use of ceftriaxone and fluoroquinolones before and after the implementation of use recommendations for treatments of infectious diseases acquired at the community. The outcomes were: proportion of inadequate prescriptions and defined daily dose (DDD). Data were analyzed using the Chi-square test, Fisher's correction and Student's test. RESULTS: A total of 206 patients were evaluated, a 35% decrease in inadequate prescriptions, a decline in the consumption of ceftriaxone and levofloxacin, and a significant increase in the use of ampicillin/ sulbactam was observed. CONCLUSIONS: The implementation of use recommendations based on scientific evidence and local susceptibility allowed to reduce the proportion of inadequate prescriptions and to reduce de consumption of ceftriaxone and fluoroquinolones.

Physiological and transcriptional comparison of acetate catabolism between Acinetobacter schindleri ACE and Escherichia coli JM101.

Acinetobacter bacteria preferentially use gluconeogenic substrates instead of hexoses or pentoses. Accordingly, Acinetobacter schindleri ACE reaches a high growth rate on acetate but is unable to grow on glucose, xylose or arabinose. In this work, we compared the physiology of A. schindleri ACE and Escherichia coli JM101 growing on acetate as the carbon source. In contrast to JM101, ACE grew on acetate threefold faster, had a twofold higher biomass yield, and a 45% higher specific acetate consumption rate. Transcriptional analysis revealed that genes like ackA, pta, aceA, glcB, fumA, tktA and talA were overexpressed while acsA, sfcA, ppc and rpiA were underexpressed in ACE relative to JM101. This transcriptional profile together with carbon flux balance analysis indicated that ACE forms acetyl-CoA preferentially by the AckA-Pta (acetate kinase-phosphotransacetylase) pathway instead of Acs (acetyl-CoA synthetase) and that the glyoxylate shunt and tricarboxylic acid cycle are more active in ACE than in JM101. Moreover, in ACE, ribose 5-phosphate and erythrose 4-phosphate are formed from trioses, and NADPH is mainly produced by isocitrate dehydrogenase. This knowledge will contribute to an understanding of the carbon metabolism of Acinetobacter species of medical, biotechnological and microbiological relevance.

Cambios en las prescripciones y el consumo de antimicrobianos, luego de la implementación de recomendaciones de uso: experiencia en un hospital universitario / Changes in prescriptions and antibiotic consumption after the implementation of recommendations for use: experience in a university hospital

Resumen Introduccion: Actualmente cerca de la mitad de las prescripciones de antimicrobianos son inadecuadas, lo que aumenta la resistencia bacteriana. Tanto cefalosporinas como fluoroquinolonas se asocian con este fenomeno: aumento de bacterias productoras de β-lactamasas e infecciones por Clostridioides difficile, por lo que las agencias reguladoras buscan racionalizar su uso. Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto de recomendaciones para el uso adecuado de antimicrobianos en la proporcion de prescripciones inadecuadas de ceftriaxona y fluoroquinolonas. Metodologia: Se desarrollo un estudio de antes y despues, prospectivo e intervencional, que comparo la calidad y la cantidad de uso de ceftriaxona y fluoroquinolonas antes y despues de la implementacion de recomendaciones de uso para tratamientos de enfermedades infecciosas adquiridas en la comunidad. Los parametros medidos fueron: proporcion de prescripciones inadecuadas y DDD. Los datos se analizaron por medio del test de χ2, correccion de Fisher y test de Student. Resultados: Se evaluaron 206 pacientes, observandose una disminucion de 35% en las prescripciones inadecuadas, una reduccion del consumo de ceftriaxona y levofloxacina y un aumento significativo de la utilizacion de ampicilina/sulbactam. Conclusiones: La implementacion de recomendaciones de uso basadas en evidencia cientifica y susceptibilidad local, permitieron disminuir la proporcion de prescripciones inadecuadas y reducir el consumo de ceftriaxona y fluoroquinolonas.

Background: Nowadays about half of antibiotic prescriptions are inadequate, increasing bacterial resistance. Both cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones are associated with this phenomenon: increase of β-lactamase producing bacteria and Clostridioides difficile infections, which is why regulatory agencies seek to rationalize their use. Aim: To evaluate the effect of use recommendations on the proportion of inadequate prescriptions of ceftriaxone and fluoroquinolones. Methods: A prospective and interventional study was developed, comparing the quality and quantity of use of ceftriaxone and fluoroquinolones before and after the implementation of use recommendations for treatments of infectious diseases acquired at the community. The outcomes were: proportion of inadequate prescriptions and defined daily dose (DDD). Data were analyzed using the Chi-square test, Fisher's correction and Student's test. Results: A total of 206 patients were evaluated, a 35% decrease in inadequate prescriptions, a decline in the consumption of ceftriaxone and levofloxacin, and a significant increase in the use of ampicillin/ sulbactam was observed. Conclusions: The implementation of use recommendations based on scientific evidence and local susceptibility allowed to reduce the proportion of inadequate prescriptions and to reduce de consumption of ceftriaxone and fluoroquinolones.

Biochemical and Morphological Alterations in Hearts of Copper-Deficient Bovines.

Copper deficiency is an important disease of cattle that produces several clinical signs and lesions, due to alterations in copper-dependent enzymes. One of the organs affected by this deficiency is the heart (falling disease), but nevertheless, these cardiac lesions have not been extensively studied in bovines. The aim of this work was to propose a possible pathogenic mechanism for cardiac lesions in cattle affected by copper deficiency. Because of the possible existence of oxidative distress caused by low levels of copper-zinc-superoxide dismutase and cytochrome oxidase, ultrastructural and histological lesions have been evaluated in the heart of bovines in which a Cu deficiency had been induced using high molybdenum and sulfur levels in the diet. Our results indicated that copper deficiency produces significant damage in myocardium with high levels of lipid oxidation and a significant reduction in copper-zinc-superoxide dismutase activity leading to an oxidative distress situation. However, cytochrome oxidase activity was not significantly reduced. Histological observation revealed a significant increase in the amount of connective tissue, enlarged basement membranes of myocytes, and numerous Anichkov cells, in the hearts of deficient animals. Ultrastructural observation showed a significant enhancement in the mitochondrial volume density, with presence of lesions such as swelling and cristae disruption. We conclude that copper deficiency in bovines causes morphological lesions in the heart due to an oxidative damage produced by copper-dependent enzyme alterations.

[Successful treatment of disseminated fusariosis in a febrile neutropenic patient with combined antifungal therapy of voriconazol plus amphotericin B deoxycholate]. / Tratamiento exitoso de una fusariosis diseminada en un paciente neutropénico febril con terapia antifúngica combinada de voriconazol más anfotericina B deoxicolato.

We report a case of a patient with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), who developed a disseminated infection by Fusarium verticillioides during chemotherapy-induced neutropenia. He was successfully treated only after combination therapy with voriconazole plus amphotericin B deoxycolate was used, but not when these compounds were used in an isolated form.

Tratamiento exitoso de una fusariosis diseminada en un paciente neutropénico febril con terapia antifúngica combinada de voriconazol más anfotericina B deoxicolato / Successful treatment of disseminated fusariosis in a febrile neutropenic patient with combined antifungal therapy of voriconazol plus amphotericin B deoxycholate

Resumen Presentamos el caso clínico de un paciente con una leucemia linfoblástica aguda (LLA) que desarrolló una fusariosis diseminada por Fusarium verticillioides durante un episodio prolongado de neutropenia febril post quimioterapia. Fue exitosamente tratado cuando se usó terapia combinada de voriconazol más anfotericina B deoxicolato.

We report a case of a patient with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), who developed a disseminated infection by Fusarium verticillioides during chemotherapy-induced neutropenia. He was successfully treated only after combination therapy with voriconazole plus amphotericin B deoxycolate was used, but not when these compounds were used in an isolated form.

Genetic Analysis Method for Staphylococcus chromogenes Associated with Goat Mastitis.

Mastitis in goats is mainly caused by coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CNS). The identification methods for this group are based on evaluating the expression of phenotypic characteristics such as the ability to metabolize various substrates; however, this is disadvantageous as these methods are dependent on gene expression. In recent years, genotyping methods such as the Multiple Locus Variable-Number Tandem Repeat Analysis (MLVA) and gene identification have been useful for epidemiological study of several bacterial species. To develop a genotyping method, the genome sequence of Staphylococcus chromogenes MU970 was analysed. The analysis showed nine virulence genes described in Staphylococcus aureus. The MLVA was developed using four loci identified in the genome of S. chromogenes MU970. This genotyping method was examined in 23 strains of CNS isolated from goat mastitis. The rate of discrimination for MLVA was 0.8893, and the highest rates of discrimination per the index of Simpson and Hunter-Gaston were 0.926 and 0.968 for the locus 346_06, respectively. The virulence genes were present in all strains of S. chromogenes but not in other CNS. The genotyping method presented in this paper is a viable and easy method for typifying CNS isolates from mastitis cases in different regions and is an ideal mean of tracking this disease.

Análisis de susceptibilidad antimicrobiana y hallazgos microbiológicos: perfil en cirugía abdominal de urgencia / Microbiological findings and antimicrobial susceptibility analysis: emergency general abdominal surgery profile

Resumen Introducción La resistencia a antibióticos es un problema mundial. En los pacientes que requieren cirugía de urgencia, los antibióticos son un apoyo importante concomitante al acto quirúrgico. Objetivo Analizar los cultivos de líquido peritoneal obtenidos de pacientes operados por patología quirúrgica abdominal de urgencia. Materiales y Métodos Se realiza una cohorte prospectiva de los pacientes operados de urgencia. Se tomó cultivo de líquido peritoneal y se procesó según técnica estandarizada. Resultados Se encontró un 39,4% de cultivos positivos. E. coli fue el germen más frecuente. Destacan 5 cultivos positivos para P. aeruginosa. Existe un 25% de resistencia a ampicilina/sulbactam y 19% a quinolonas para E. coli. Conclusión La resistencia encontrada fue menor a lo reportado en la literatura, pero aún destacable. El conocimiento del perfil de bacterias y sus resistencias a antimicrobianos son importantes para las políticas hospitalarias locales de uso racional de antibióticos.

Background Antimicrobial resistance is a worldwide problem. In patients requiring emergency surgery, antibiotics are an important assistance additional to surgical intervention. Objective Analize peritoneal fluid cultures obtaines from patients who underwent emergency surgery. Methods A prospective cohort of emergency abdominal surgical patients were enrolled. Peritoneal fluid cultures were taken and processed according to standarized technique. Results A 39.4% of positive cultures was found. E. coli was the most common bacteria identified. Five positive cultures for P. aeruginosa stand out. E. coli had 25% resistance to ampicillin/sulbactam and 19% for quinolones. Conclusion Resistance found was lower than international reports, but still noteworthy. Knowledge of local bacteria profile and antimicrobial resistance is important for local antibiotic hospital policy.

[Brucellosis in Chile: Description of a series of 13 cases]. / Brucelosis en Chile: Descripción de una serie de 13 casos.

INTRODUCTION: Brucellosis is a zoonosis caused by Brucella spp. It may be acquired by consuming unpasteurized dairy products. Brucellosis has a low incidence in Chile, thus, we have a scarce data. AIM: To report and to characterize the first series of clinical cases of adult patients diagnosed with brucellosis in Chile. METHODS: We describe a series of 13 clinical cases in patients diagnosed between 2000 and 2016 in three different centers in the Metropolitan Region, Chile. A retrospective analysis was performed on clinical presentation, laboratory, antibiotic treatment, morbidity and mortality. RESULTS: The mean age was 50 years old. Eight cases had a record of consumption of unpasteurized dairy products. The most frequently reported complaints were fever. The most frequent focal point involved was the spine. Only one patient had a positive blood culture, while the diagnosis was made using serological techniques in the other part of the group. The most indicated antibiotic regimens were doxycycline-rifampicin and doxycycline-gentamicin. The hospital stay was 20 days approximately as an average. Clinical cure was achieved in all cases. CONCLUSIONS: Brucellosis is an infrequent zoonosis in Chile, and it produces a nonspecific clinical picture, so it is necessary to have high suspicion to make the diagnosis based in the antecedent of consumption of unpasteurized dairy or raw meat.

Brucelosis en Chile: descripción de una serie de 13 casos / Brucellosis in Chile: description of a series of 13 cases

Introduction: Brucellosis is a zoonosis caused by Brucella spp. It may be acquired by consuming unpasteurized dairy products. Brucellosis has a low incidence in Chile, thus, we have a scarce data. Aim: To report and to characterize the first series of clinical cases of adult patients diagnosed with brucellosis in Chile. Methods: We describe a series of 13 clinical cases in patients diagnosed between 2000 and 2016 in three different centers in the Metropolitan Region, Chile. A retrospective analysis was performed on clinical presentation, laboratory, antibiotic treatment, morbidity and mortality. Results: The mean age was 50 years old. Eight cases had a record of consumption of unpasteurized dairy products. The most frequently reported complaints were fever. The most frequent focal point involved was the spine. Only one patient had a positive blood culture, while the diagnosis was made using serological techniques in the other part of the group. The most indicated antibiotic regimens were doxycycline-rifampicin and doxycycline-gentamicin. The hospital stay was 20 days approximately as an average. Clinical cure was achieved in all cases. Conclusions: Brucellosis is an infrequent zoonosis in Chile, and it produces a nonspecific clinical picture, so it is necessary to have high suspicion to make the diagnosis based in the antecedent of consumption of unpasteurized dairy or raw meat.

Introducción: La brucelosis es una zoonosis provocada por Brucella spp, cuyo principal mecanismo de transmisión es mediante el consumo de lácteos no pasteurizados. Es de baja ocurrencia en Chile, por lo que los datos locales son escasos. Objetivo: Reportar y caracterizar la primera serie de casos clínicos de pacientes adultos con diagnóstico de brucelosis en Chile. Material y Método: Se describe una serie de 13 casos clínicos en pacientes diagnosticados entre el año 2000 y el 2016 en tres centros de la Región Metropolitana, Chile. Se realizó un análisis retrospectivo acerca de la presentación clínica, laboratorio, tratamiento antimicrobiano y morbi-mortalidad. Resultados: El promedio de edad fue 50 años. Ocho casos tenían antecedente de consumo de lácteos no pasteurizados. El motivo de consulta más frecuente fue sensación febril. El compromiso focal más frecuente fue el de columna vertebral. Sólo en un paciente se encontró hemocultivo positivo; en el resto el diagnóstico se hizo mediante técnicas serológicas. Los esquemas antimicrobianos más indicados fueron doxiciclina-rifampicina y doxiciclina-gentamicina. La estadía hospitalaria fue en promedio de 20 días. En todos los casos se logró curación clínica. Conclusiones: La brucelosis es una zoonosis infrecuente en Chile, produce un cuadro clínico inespecífico, por lo que se debe tener una alta sospecha para realizar el diagnóstico, basada en el antecedente del consumo de productos lácteos no pasteurizados o de carne mal cocida.

Superoxide Dismutase Activity, Hydrogen Peroxide Steady-State Concentration, and Bactericidal and Phagocytic Activities Against Moraxella bovis, in Neutrophils Isolated from Copper-Deficient Bovines.

Copper (Cu) deficiency increases occurrence of certain infectious diseases in animals, including infectious keratoconjunctivitis in bovines, a bacterial ocular inflammation caused by Moraxella bovis. Neutrophil leukocytes constitute the first phagocytic cells to arrive at infection sites for bacterial neutralization. The objective of this work was to evaluate whether the functionality of neutrophils against M. bovis is impaired in experimentally induced Cu deficiency in bovines using high molybdenum and sulfur levels in the diet. The Cu tissue values and the periocular achromotrichia observed in +Mo animals showed that the clinic phase of Cu deficiency was reached in this group. Instead, +Cu animals have not evidenced clinical signs or biochemical parameters of hypocuprosis. On the basis of our observations, we concluded that Cu deficiency has no effect on phagocytic and bactericidal activities of neutrophils against M. bovis. However, superoxide dismutase activity and peroxide hydrogen generation were significantly different between groups. Therefore, additional research to explain these results is merited to fully characterize the consequences of Cu status on the risk for infections under field conditions.

[Species distribution and susceptibility pattern of Candida spp.: the importance to survey also strains isolated from the community]. / Distribución de especies y perfil de susceptibilidad de aislados de Candida spp: la importancia de vigilar también cepas de la comunidad.

BACKGROUND: The most of the surveillance studies has been conducted in hospitalized patients with invasive infections. Recently, new clinical breakpoints (CBPs) have been proposed for antifungal susceptibility testing and epidemiological cutoffs (ECVs). AIM: To evaluate species distribution and susceptibility pattern of Candida spp. obtained from in and outpatients in a period of 6 months. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The isolates (n=223) came from vaginal discharge (51.6%), lower respiratory tract (24.7%), urine (20.2%), wounds (1.8%), blood (0.9%), peritoneal fluid (0.4%) and nails (0.4%). RESULTS: The species distribution was C. albicans 84.8% (n: 189), C. glabrata 7.6% (n: 17), C. tropicalis 2.7% (n: 6), C. parapsilosis 2.2% (n: 5), C. kefyr 0.9% (n: 2) and others 1.8% (C. krusei, C. lusitanie, C. guilliermondii, C. intermedia) (n: 4). The susceptibility dose dependence (SDD) and resistance were 3.2% for fluconazole and 2.2% for voriconazole. The most of SDD and resistant strains were isolated from ambulatory patients. Also, a higher percentage of MICs over the new CBPs and ECVs were found in strains from ambulatory patients and especially in C. glabrata isolates to caspofungin. CONCLUSION: Taking into consideration that most of the invasive infections are caused by strains from the endogenous microbiota, and that there is a resistant population of Candida spp. in the community, should be important to include in surveillance studies strains isolated from ambulatory patients.

Distribución de especies y perfil de susceptibilidad de aislados de Candida spp: la importancia de vigilar también cepas de la comunidad / Species distribution and susceptibility pattern of Candida spp.: the importance to survey also strains isolated from the community

Background: The most of the surveillance studies has been conducted in hospitalized patients with invasive infections. Recently, new clinical breakpoints (CBPs) have been proposed for antifungal susceptibility testing and epidemiological cutoffs (ECVs). Aim: To evaluate species distribution and susceptibility pattern of Candida spp. obtained from in and outpatients in a period of 6 months. Material and Methods: The isolates (n=223) came from vaginal discharge (51.6%), lower respiratory tract (24.7%), urine (20.2%), wounds (1.8%), blood (0.9%), peritoneal fluid (0.4%) and nails (0.4%). Results: The species distribution was C. albicans 84.8% (n: 189), C. glabrata 7.6% (n: 17), C. tropicalis 2.7% (n: 6), C. parapsilosis 2.2% (n: 5), C. kefyr 0.9% (n: 2) and others 1.8% (C. krusei, C. lusitanie, C. guilliermondii, C. intermedia) (n: 4). The susceptibility dose dependence (SDD) and resistance were 3.2% for fluconazole and 2.2% for voriconazole. The most of SDD and resistant strains were isolated from ambulatory patients. Also, a higher percentage of MICs over the new CBPs and ECVs were found in strains from ambulatory patients and especially in C. glabrata isolates to caspofungin. Conclusion: Taking into consideration that most of the invasive infections are caused by strains from the endogenous microbiota, and that there is a resistant population of Candida spp. in the community, should be important to include in surveillance studies strains isolated from ambulatory patients.

Introducción: Los estudios de vigilancia de Candida spp. en general, no incluyen cepas de la comunidad. Recientemente, se han propuesto nuevos puntos de corte clínicos (CBPs) para interpretar la susceptibilidad y puntos de corte epidemiológicos (ECVs), para detectar cepas silvestres o con algún tipo de resistencia. Objetivo: Ainalizar la distribución y perfil de susceptibilidad Candida spp. de pacientes hospitalizados y ambulatorios durante seis meses. Material y Métodos: Las cepas (n: 223) provenían desde flujo vaginal (51,6%), tracto respiratorio bajo (24,7%), orina (20,2%), heridas (1,8%), sangre (0,9%), líquido peritoneal (0,4%) y uñas (0,4%). Resultados: La distribución de especies fue C. albicans 84,8% (n: 189), C. glabrata 7,6% (n: 17), C. tropicalis 2,7% (n: 6), C. parapsilosis 2,2% (n: 5), C. kefyr 0,9% (n: 2) y otras 1,8% (C. krusei, C. lusitanie, C. guilliermondii, C. intermedia) (n: 4). La susceptibilidad dosis dependiente (SDD) y resistencia fueron de 3,2% para fluconazol y 2,2% para voriconazol. La mayoría de las cepas SDD resistentes y fueron ambulatorias. Además, en este grupo, se encontró un alto porcentaje de cepas con CIMs sobre los nuevos CPBs y ECVs, especialmente en aislados C. glabrata para caspofungina. Conclusión: Dado que la mayoría de las infecciones invasoras son causadas por cepas endógenas, y que hay cepas con algún grado de resistencia en la comunidad, estas últimas debieran vigilarse.

Bactericidal activity of lachrymal secretion and complement system in copper deficient bovines.

Copper deficiency in humans and animals has been related to increased susceptibility to infections. Neutrophils are one of the most studied components of the immune response; however, to the best of our knowledge, other defenses of the innate immune system have not been analyzed in copper-deficient animals. Our previous studies in copper-deficient bovines have shown increased susceptibility to infectious keratoconjunctivitis, an ocular disease caused by Moraxella bovis. The objective of this work was to evaluate the bactericidal activity of lachrymal secretion and complement system, two main mechanisms of the innate immune response against M. bovis, in copper-deficient cattle. Our results indicate that copper deficiency has no effect on bactericidal activity of complement system and lachrymal secretion against M. bovis in calves. Other components of local and systemic ocular defense mechanisms that could explain the increased susceptibility to infectious keratoconjunctivitis observed in copper-deficient bovines should be investigated.

Aislamiento de levaduras de glándulas mamarias con diferentes presentaciones de mastitis en el Altiplano Mexicano / Yeasts isolation from bovine mammary glands under different mastitis status in the Mexican High Plateu

Antecedentes. Las mastitis subclínicas y clínicas en bovinos por hongos se han incrementado principalmente por levaduras del género Candida. Objetivo. Conocer las levaduras presentes en la leche de glándulas mamarias de bovinos clínicamente sanos, y de aquellos con mastitis subclínica y clínica. Método. Se evaluó la presencia de levaduras en 1.095 muestras de leche de 342 glándulas mamarias sanas, 383 con mastitis subclínica y 370 con mastitis clínica, de los estados de Querétaro, Hidalgo, Puebla y la ciudad de México, Distrito Federal, que forman parte del Altiplano Mexicano. El estado sanitario de las glándulas mamarias se determinó por examen clínico y la prueba de California. La identificación de levaduras fue realizada por métodos morfológicos y bioquímicos. Resultados. Se identificaron 20 especies diferentes del género Candida a partir de 282 (25,75%) de las muestras de leche. Las especies encontradas con mayor frecuencia en los bovinos sanos y con mastitis clínica fueron Candida glabrata y Candida krusei. El grupo de las muestras con mastitis subclínica mostró una diversidad de especies de Candida, incluidas Candida zeylanoides, Candida norvegica, Candida viswanathii, Candida guilliermondii y Candida tropicalis. Candida albicans fue aislada solo en 11 (3,9%) de las muestras de mastitis clínica (6) y subclínica (5). Conclusiones. Estos resultados sugieren el posible papel de otras especies de Candida diferentes a C. albicans como causantes de mastitis micótica(AU)

Background. The mastitis subclinical and clinical in cows caused by fungi has been increased specially by yeast of the genus Candida. Objective. To identify what yeasts were present in milk samples obtained from mammary glands of healthy cows, and others suffering subclinical or clinical mastitis. Methods. From a total of 1,095 milk samples 342 were from mammary glands of healthy dairy cows, 383 with subclinical mastitis, and 370 with clinical mastitis, were taken, in the states of Querétaro, Hidalgo, Puebla and Mexico City (Distrito Federal) in the so called Mexican High Plateu. The clinical status of the mammary glands was determined by clinical examination and the California Mastitis Test. Yeasts identification was carried out by morphology and biochemical methods. Results. Twenty different species of Candida were identified out of 282 (25.75%) milk samples. The most frequently identified species in the healthy cows and cows with clinical mastitis groups were Candida glabrata and Candida krusei. On the other hand, samples from the subclinical mastitis group showed a diversity of Candida species, including Candida zeylanoides, Candida norvegica, Candida viswanathii, Candida guilliermondii, and Candida tropicalis. Candida albicans was isolated only in 11 (3.9%) samples from the clinical and subclinical mastitis groups. Conclusions. These results suggest the possible role that Candida species other than C. albicans may play in mycotic mastitis in cows(AU)